![]() ![]() The glosses grew out into complete line-by-line commentaries. In particular Azzo’s comment on the Codex, the Summa Azzonis, gained great authority in legal practice: “Chi non ha Azzo, non va a palazzo”. ![]() Between the lines and in the margins one placed comments in the form of glosses. In the twelfth century Bologna was the primary place where the intense study of the Digest started. educations in law schools: the most recent debate on legal education in Lombardy, particular in Pavia, led to a rejection of a real continuity with Roman law in this respectĪ major problem is at one hand the rather unexpected and largely unexplained sudden return of the complete text of the Digest of Justinian, and at the other hand the fact that the vulgate (standard) text, the most widely used medieval text of the Digest, does differ from the oldest surviving manuscript, dating from the sixth century, kept in Florence, the littera Florentina.the early manuscripts: their number is small less then a hundred relevant manuscripts dating before 1100 exist, but some of these dates have been established in the (early) nineteenth century.quotations and references: one has to reckon with purely formulaic quotations, which only serve as a reinforcement or seal of the juridical nature of a document or legal act.Clear and sensible questions stand at the beginning of any fruitful research. Searching for the “revival” of Roman law could imply looking at quotations of and references to Roman law, looking at the number and the date of manuscripts with Roman law texts, researching education in law schools or looking at other forms of the study of Roman law. It depends also on wanting to maintain or not an unbroken continuity from Late Antiquity. The start of this revival is for some part still unclear, due also to the kind of questions one asks and the landmarks one is looking for. This was prompted by the prestige associated with Roman law and with national pride: pride on an own independent legal development or pride on the healthy influence of this legal system from Classical Antiquity. Since the start of the nineteenth century the revival of Roman law has been disputed. Both Roman and canon law had in them the possibility to offer more or less absolute legal norms. Manorial rights and lease law were imposed on some people, but for instance merchants largely developed their own law, before Roman and canon law, too, came to bear on it. On top of that some legal systems were specifically bound to persons or groups. Among the laws issued in late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages are law books such as the Lex Visigothorum. Likewise a city charter could be followed by other cities. Such regional laws could become imperative for other regions, too. Apart from canon and Roman law local and regional legal systems existed, customary law. The Catholic Church developed its own law, canon law, which grew in importance after 1100. Only after 1100 Roman law became again a subject of intensive study in Western Europe. In Byzance a form of Roman law ruled, the so-called Byzantine law. During this long period not only clear local differences existed, but also different legal systems came into force. ![]() The Middle Ages form a period of roughly thousand years, from 500 to 1500. ![]()
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